Formal methods

<mathematics, specification> Mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems.

Referentially transparent languages are amenable to symbolic manipulation allowing program transformation (e.g. changing a clear inefficient specification into an obscure but efficient program) and proof of correctness.

Oxford FM archive (http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/formal-methods.html).

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FORM FORMAC FORMAL formal argument Formal Description Technique	EPROS Imperial Software Technology referential transparency safety-critical system software reliability	Formal Object Role Modeling Language formal review FORMAT-Fortran Formatting Output Specification Instance Formes