Heap
1. <programming> An area of memory used for dynamic memory allocation where blocks of memory are allocated and freed in an arbitrary order and the pattern of allocation and size of blocks is not known until
run time.
Typically, a program has one heap which it may use for several different purposes.
Heap is required by languages in which functions can return arbitrary data structures or functions with free variables (see
closure).
In
C functions
malloc and
free provide access to the heap.
Contrast
stack.
See also
dangling pointer.
2. <programming> A data structure with its elements partially ordered (sorted) such that finding either the minimum or the maximum (but not both) of the elements is computationally inexpensive (independent of the number of elements), while both adding a new item and finding each subsequent smallest/largest element can be done in O(log n) time, where n is the number of elements.
Formally, a heap is a
binary tree with a key in each
node, such that all the
leaves of the tree are on two adjacent levels; all leaves on the lowest level occur to the left and all levels, except possibly the lowest, are filled; and the key in the
root is at least as large as the keys in its children (if any), and the left and right subtrees (if they exist) are again heaps.
Note that the last condition assumes that the goal is finding the minimum quickly.
Heaps are often implemented as one-dimensional arrays. Still assuming that the goal is finding the minimum quickly the
invariant is
heap[i] <= heap[2*i] and heap[i] <= heap[2*i+1] for all i,
where heap[i] denotes the i-th element, heap[1] being the first.
Heaps can be used to implement priority queues or in
sort algorithms.
